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circulatory system, respiratory system, epithelial tissue, connective tissue

the circulatory system

Functions:
- transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide
- distribution of products of digestion
- transport of waste and toxic materials
- distribution of hormones
-
body temperature regulation - control of bleeding
- defense against bacteria and viruses

The heart
E 'divided into two pumps, in turn divided into an atrium and ventricle.
The pump is right for the pulmonary circulation: blood low in oxygen reaches the right atrium, flows into the right ventricle, which pushes the contraction in pulmonary arteries.
The left pump is used for the systemic circulation.
Alternating contraction and relaxation of the chambers of the heart is the cardiac cycle. The contraction phase ventricular and atrial systole is called.
The relaxation of all the rooms is called diastole.
Because the blood is moving in the right direction just the circulatory system is equipped with check valves:
- tricuspid valve between right atrium and ventricle
- bicuspid valve between atrium and left ventricle
- two semilunar valves between the heart and the ' between the heart and aorta and pulmonary artery
The contraction of the heart is initiated and coordinated by the sinoatrial node (SA node), located in the wall of the right atrium: the rhythm rule independently of the nervous system. The atrioventricular node (AV node) slows the momentum from the SA node, allowing the atria to complete the transition blood before the ventricles contract. If the rhythm is not regulated, there is fibrillation.
Heart rate is also influenced by the nervous system and hormones.

Blood:
E 'tissue fluid and plasma formed by specialized cells. The plasma is composed of water they are dissolved proteins, salts, nutrients and waste. The main proteins are albumins (osmotic function), globulins (transport fats and immune processes) and fibrinogen (blood clotting).
Red blood cells (or erythrocytes) are shaped like biconcave, providing a greater surface area than the spherical shape and carry oxygen. The red color is given by hemoglobin, which collects oxygen and transfers it to body tissues that need it. A portion of hemoglobin binds then to carbon dioxide and the lungs. Red blood cells are produced from the red marrow of bones during their training, lose their nucleus, and therefore can not be played. Red blood cells are disposed of deaths from the liver and spleen, which recovered the iron. The red blood cell production is stimulated by a hormone called erythropoietin.
The blood is given by a glycoprotein, which can be either A or B. In the plasma of each individual are antibodies designed to detect glycoproteins present a different type to those in his own blood. In the event of blood transfusion with different glycoprotein, the antibodies into action causing agglutination (agglomeration) of red blood cells transfused and the resulting blockage of blood vessels. Another type of protein in red blood cells is the Rh factor.
White blood cells (or leukocytes) have a nucleus and are produced by bone marrow. They have a defensive function and are divided into different types. The monocytes and neutrophils move through the capillaries in the place where there is a bacterium. Monocytes give rise to a so called amoeboid macrophage cell which, together with neutrophils, encases the bacteria for phagocytosis. In this way, the white blood cells die and accumulate, forming a whitish substance called pus. Basophils and eosinophils produce compounds anticoagulants and involved in inflammatory reactions.
Platelets, no nucleus, are fragments of megacarioti (large cells in the bone marrow) and are essential for clotting. When they come in contact with an uneven surface and adhere to pile up, clog the tear, it is small. If the lesion is larger, involving an enzyme called thrombin, which produces fibrin molecules, giving rise to that weaves a web that immobilizes the fluid portion of blood.
Blood vessels are from the heart, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins.
arteries, the contraction of the ventricles dilate, the blood then passes to the arterioles, which in turn branch in capillaries, arterioles atraverso rings attached to muscle tissue called precapillary sphincters. The capillaries are the thickness of a cell, the pressure inside them causes a discharge from the plasma: this liquid is called interstitial fluid, and is located around the capillaries: bathing every cell, the liquid allows the exchange of material between the blood capillaries and surrounding cells. Blood flow in the veins is facilitated by the contraction of skeletal muscles and directed by one-way valves.

EPITHELIAL TISSUE

covers the body and its cavities and form glands. Has the function of selective barrier and is composed of cells, arranged in one or more layers, which adhere firmly to each other through junctions and is constantly renewed. Some are introflex
epithelial tissues during development of the body, forming endocrine and exocrine glands.
exocrine glands remain in contact with the epithelium through a small channel called the excretory duct (sweat glands, salivary, sebaceous ...).
The endocrine glands are detached epithelium, and their main product is formed by hormones.

TISSUE
constitutes
: dermis, tendons, ligaments, cartilage, bone, blood, lymph.
cells are surrounded by a large amount of extracellular substances secreted by the cells themselves. All tissues connectives, except blood, are woven filament composed of fibrous collagen. The connective tissue acts as a support to the epithelial tissue and contains the capillaries that feed on the sap and the epithelium.
Cartilage is composed of cells far apart from each other surrounded by collagen.
Bone is a cartilage strengthened by deposits of phosphate and calcium carbonate. Bone cells (osteocytes) are surrounded by concentric layers of collagen that surround a central channel through blood vessels: each set of concentric layers with their own channel is called osteons.
Lymph is a fluid necessary to transport the blood to fat particles from the small intestine.

SYSTEM RESPIRATORY

nose or mouth ---> pharynx ---> --- epiglottis> larynx ---> --- trachea> bronchi two ---> many bronchioles ---> many alveoli

between the pharynx and the larynx is the epiglottis, a flap of cartilage tissue that regulates the passage of air.
Within the larynx lie the vocal cords, strips of elastic tissue that vibrate the air passage.
The wall of the trachea is reinforced by incomplete cartilaginous rings.
Along the way the air is warmed and moistened, and free from dust particles and bacteria, which remain trapped in the mucus secreted by cells lining the epithelium of the bronchioles, bronchus and trachea. The mucus is pushed up by cells equipped with cilia beat in sync.
The alveoli are surrounded by a dense network of capillaries. Externally
lung is the thoracic cavity, which has the task of protecting, below which the diaphragm is grim, a muscle-shaped dome. The chest and lungs are coated with a double layer membrane called the pleura.
With inspiration, the diaphragm contracts and flattens and the intercostal muscles raise the ribs: with the chest cavity expands the lungs, which adhere to the inside wall of the chest through the pleura. Upon completion of the exhalation, the lungs remains an amount sufficient air to prevent the alveoli sag.
The rhythm of breathing is automatic, but the muscles are volunteers and their contraction is stimulated by impulses generated by the respiratory center located in the medulla oblongata. There are also receptors in the walls of the aorta and carotid arteries that signal the respiratory center to a lower level of oxygen.

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From Augustine to Thomas



medieval philosophy is divided into two schools:
Patristics (first century - V century): the reason is seen by faith.
School (fifth century - XIV century): the contents of reason should be explored in relation to faith.

The reason is what leads a person to wholeness.
Faith can be the positive response of man to God's call to recognize someone in authority is deemed worthy of trust, from Latin fides, or irrational and blind adherence. The latter would easily lead to fanaticism.
These two visions are in contact around the first century, and from this arise the Middle Ages.


AGOSTINO
Life: Patristic Latin America. Born in Algeria, he studied at Carthage. Leads a dissolute life in his youth, has a son. He studied rhetoric and approaches to philosophy. In Milan, Ambrose knows, which was baptized.
Topics: Philosophy is for: that the meaning of life?
man there is a drama: What does God want from him?
Skeptics: Critical to the skeptics at three points:
- I doubt if
exist - if there is no truth, this is a truth
- you can not want the truth and deny the possibility of pursuing knowledge
: L 'human spirit is a restless mind, ever changing, so you need something that explains this change: God is God in man, it illuminates the soul without change. God is what is most intimate human.
Knowledge comes by divine illumination: is continuous support that God gives to human reason. God is the inner teacher. Creating
: God is creator. Creates from nothing without God, the world would be nothing. Create: to give being.
God has within himself the ideas, the Platonic ideas are to Augustine thought of God There is no before and after, there is a continuous present. God creates free will.
Time: For Aristotle, time was the measure of movement according to a before and an after, and was measured by the soul. Augustine argues instead that time is not to be, has no ontology structure is a distension of the soul. Measure the time means measuring the impression of things in their path. Time exists only in the depths of our consciousness, which stretches into the past and the future and makes them present to herself. The dimensions of time are therefore three forms of this in our soul: the past is in the form of memory, this is such as attention and the future is present as expected.
relationship between faith and reason: Faith and reason are complementary, because both tend toward the same end, to God, I intelligam ut, ut credam intelligible.
Faith provides the horizon of truth, but asks why, he asked to be investigated. Faith and reason, therefore, not contradictory, as both tools of knowledge.
Evil: If God is the cause of the world, and is the supreme good, how does one explain evil? At first, Augustine was a Manichean, but with time is thought too deresponsabilizzante. Converted, says that if God created the world, creation can not be wrong. Therefore only has a good size ontological evil is not. Evil is the absence of being, then the absence of good. Evil can be defined only negatively. There are three types of evil:
- metaphysical every creature is finite, limited. There is a hierarchy of ontological reality. There is a good that is possessed by ontological as it is. So the metaphysical evil is not given by the fullness of being.
- physical, because we have an intrinsic limit, and we live in time we have a physical illness.
- morality comes from original sin. E 'sin, or turning away from God to turn his attention to the creatures making a creature God aversio a Deo, conversion to creaturam.
Predestination: God determine the fate of men, including who, through faith, saved, and who will be damned. This does not mean that God leads us to do evil, but simply that those without his kindness can not sin. Thus was born the doctrine of predestination (whether or not it was intended to receive the grace of God), but it can not be understood as an incentive to the hallway, because men can not know their ultimate fate.
The two cities: There a unified vision of history, from creation and arrive at a final event after death that gives meaning to all the above path. There are two cities: the earthly city and the heavenly city, or that of evil and the good. After the coming of Christ, the two cities were found to coexist in the same place. Both aspire to, but the heavenly city aspires to the eternal good, while the earthly tranquility. The role of governments is therefore with positive and negative, on the one hand they ensure stability and order of the wicked, the other does not promote the good forever. The two cities will join the end of time, when the good will with the good and evil with the wicked.


Peter Damian:
"Philosophy is the handmaid of theology" is not the secondary, as someone said, but absolutely necessary.


ANSELMO
relationship between faith and reason: Reason and faith are complementary because they point to the same end. Faith asks the intellect, chiedenodgli to explore the reasons for faith. So faith is not irrational. Between reason and faith, harmony is natural, because they are both gifts of God
Demonstration of God's existence a posteriori: The existence of God can be demonstrated from the experience, and there are four topics:
- we want the good things that to be those involving a perfectly good
- we participate in things of different sizes, which involve the highest degree
be great - the individual something to actually exist, and imply a being who hesitates
for himself - there are different degrees of perfection, then there must be a perfect being
a priori demonstration of the existence of God: we all have a conception of God within us, a priori, then atheists do not exist. The fact that I think God implies his existence. God is the one who can not think of anything bigger. The existence of God is inherent in its essence as a thought. From what I infer from what's inside out, but this only applies to God is an atheist necessarily contradict, because he who halved if God does not exist nothing greater exists only in my soul, God is halved.
Free will: In the action man is at liberty, but this does not contradict God's foreknowledge, which has always known everything, and even human freedom and the acts which flow from it.


SECOND PHASE OF THE SCHOOL
XIII culture, the culturally more intense throughout the Middle Ages. In Europe there's the works of Aristotle: it disturbs the balance between faith and reason. Aristotle in fact a world view based on reason, with no sign of the divine, from a consideration positive universe, which has an ontological reality. We must start from experience. The
Averroists support the doctrine of double truth: if reason and faith come to two opposite truths, both are true.
Bagnoregio Bonaventure (Franciscan)
Thomas Aquinas (Dominican)


THOMAS AQUINAS
relationship between faith and reason: Faith and reason are in harmony, faith is what illuminates the supernatural entities, the reason for investigating the nature, experience. What is not due to the reason why the above does not mean that is the opposite. The truth of faith beyond reason: they are not irrational, but can be reasonable. Between truth and reality of supernatural natural that there is an area of \u200b\u200bhalf a faith that reason can help to understand: the preambula fidei, supernatural truth that man can know through reason to help us welcome a more mature the truth supra-rational faith.
The existence of God and the immortality of the soul, for example, are given to faith, but also the reason may propose logic elements to show that they are reasonable. The reason the man prepares to accept more reasonably a matter of faith. To explain, the reason may use analogies, similes. In addition, this may argue against those who opposes the truth of faith, that has a dialectical role.
The existence of God is not provable a priori, through an ontological proof: the essence of God is thought thinking, does not mean its being claimed as Anselmo. The essence of God can not be understood by the intellect, which is limited knowledge can only start from experience.
Knowledge, intellect, spirit: Within us there are the Aristotelian first principles (equal to a, other than to not) inherent in the intellect. The human intellect is the faculty which naturally present the first principles, we do not draw from the experience. The commitment to knowledge is instead the discursive reason, the ratio, which allows you to talk, to infer, to pass from one term another. The knowledge on the experience, and this also applies to God
Created: It begins with the physical structure of the material world and metaphysics. Physical: time and becoming. Metaphysics: the universe, which is made of substances (says Aristotle) \u200b\u200bis created, and are totally dependent on God's creative act without the reality would be nothing. Creation is being given to things (creatio ex nihilo). The creation is a metaphysical concept, explains why the reality, not like, so there is absolutely contrary to evolution.
The reality has to be because he has received from God the creature and then the first part being that is God
The five routes: There are five ways to demonstrate the existence of God:
- movement: each movement assumed a cause, everything in the universe is moving, so you need a prime mover (Aristotle's unmoved mover)
- cause and effect: all is the result of something, you need a first cause
- change: things are changing quotas, but they are not, so do not have the reason for their being in themselves, but because of something necessary. The need is "what men call God"
- perfection created things have a more or less perfect, absolutely perfect is a reference
- harmony phenomena succeed one another in an order which also covers this that is devoid of intelligence: this means a higher intelligence aimed at an end.
Politics: Humans are social animals: reason leads man to open up to all reality. The state naturally arises, is spontaneous.

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The Sack of Rome (1527) The War of 30 years

Pope Clement VII (Giulio de Medici), forcefully about the war dividing Francis I of Valois, King of France and Charles V, Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, is the organizer of an anti-imperial league The Holy League of Cognac.
The league, in terms of the papacy, was intended to defend the Papal States by the ambitions of Charles V, once penetrated into northern Italy, it fell to Rome with the intention of unify the peninsula.
The emperor at first tried to peacefully restore the alliance with the Pope, but the refusal of them, decided to intervene militarily.
not able to proceed in person, being engaged on other fronts, the Pope launched against the Colonna family, always an enemy of the Medici.
Cardinal Pompeo Colonna then unleashed his soldiers in the papal city and put the papal court under siege for free, Pope Clement VIII had to renounce the Holy League and pledge alliance with Charles V.
Once free, however, the Pope remained true to the pact and called to his aid Francis I of France.
The emperor then decided armed intervention against the Papal States, Rome and sent a contingent of mercenaries, supposedly controlled by a German general, who had to retire but the war is just beginning. On May 6, 1527
mercenaries troops enter Rome after the death of their general: the Pope manages to escape only through the sacrifice of the entire body of the Swiss guards, using a secret passage that leads him to Castel Sant'Angelo.
troops mercenaries, without pay and lost their captain, then gave it to the systematic looting of the city, then leave room for fever: a year-end in Rome remained an inhabitant out of five.
To stop the looting, Pope Clement VII agreed to pay a substantial sum to the emperor and left Rome at the time of Orvieto.
Three years later, Clement VII crowned Charles V emperor, sealing a renewed alliance: the latter, in turn, undertook to restore the rule of the Medici in Florence, bringing down the republic.

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The German Empire has no administrative unit, territorial and political, but it is a conglomeration of duchies, principalities, ecclesiastical and secular, liberal city.

Rudolf II of Habsburg moved the capital in Bohemia , and tries to convert the whole empire to the Catholic religion : the lack of political commitment, but is soon overthrown by his cousin, and retains only formally the crown and the power over Bohemia. The subjects
Bohemians take advantage, however, in order to extract the 1609 letter of majesty, which guarantees religious freedom to Lutherans.
the death of Rodolfo, the kingdom passes to Matt , leaving the letter of majesty to Bohemia in return for recognition as his successor to the reformist-c ontro Ferdinand of Habsburg, one of the leaders of the Catholic League.

the death of Matthew the capital is returned to Vienna , leaving Prague to a committee of regents, which form a governing majority government, Catholic and Protestant closes the temples. On May 23, 1618
a crowd enters the castle in Prague and precipitates from a window three regents ( the Defenestration of Prague) is the way to a revolution, expelled the Jesuits and the Protestant nobility create a provisional government.
During the summer, the diet, although the Protestant majority, elects to Frankfurt Ferdinand as the new emperor , but at the same time the Bohemian and the Commissioner no longer has the crown prince a Calvinist, Frederick V, Duke of Palatinate that in 1619 made his triumphal entry into Prague.

Allies of Hapsburg Spain, and Bavaria League of Catholic principles.
Allies Bohemia: Transilvania, Venice, Holland and England, but only Transylvania send some troops. In 1620

the Duke of Bavaria invades Bohemia , defeating the enemies in just one hour at the White Mountain . Prague is the looting of abandoned German troops, mind the English branch of the Habsburg besieging the Palatinate.
The crown of Bohemia is declared hereditary possession of the Habsburgs.
In 1622 was conquered Heidelberg, the capital of the Palatinate, and the war could have been done to say, if Ferdinand had not decided to seize Frederick V (king of winter), all land and to remove the title of the Palatinate Elector of Bavaria in favor.

In 1624 the king of Denmark, the Protestant Christian IV, is preparing to take action against the Habsburgs alliance with the German Protestant princes. Meanwhile, Spain reopen hostilities with the United Provinces.
The Danish troops are defeated several times and, after the battle of Lutter, Denmark was forced to sign the peace in Lübeck.
Building on this, Ferdinand II issues a decree providing for the return of all seized goods Catholics: European states were not slow to see the danger of a centralized monarchy in Germany.
In 1630
Swedish troops, led by King Gustav Adolf land on the coast of Pomerania , and obtained an alliance with Saxony, reported a net win imperial army at Leipzig . In 1632
Swedes reported a new victory at Lutzen, but the king remains killed in battle and becomes queen of the small Cristina. In 1635
Swedish troops were finally defeated at Nördlingen and forced to sign the peace in Prague.

In 1635 the French Prime Minister Richelieu declares war on both sides of the dynasty asbrugica (English and German) and offers its assistance to the German Protestant princes and the United Provinces.
In 1643 the French get a big victory against the English at Rocroi , while troops Swedish and French penetrate Bavaria and Bohemia. In

1648 in Westphalia are signed two peace treaties , the first between the Emperor and France , second among German princes, the Emperor and Sweden .
Peace of Westphalia states:
- the allocation of Pomerania Sweden and its entry in the diet
- the entry of dietary
Denmark - the conquest of several city Rhine and most of ' Alsace by France
- the loss of authority of the Emperor, more and more subject to the will of the individual
- the return of title to voter Palatinate, but it is not removed to Bavaria: the Imperial College passes so to eight members.

The war between France and Spain but not end until 1659.

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Physics: definitions General

Physics takes care of everything in the various phenomena can be quantitatively determined .

Experimental method:

1. observation of
2. choice of physical
3. forumlazione hypothesis
4. controlled experiment for testing the hypothesis of the experimental law
5. formulazionel
6. formulation of a theory

A theory is a set of principles that allow interpret data and provide phenomena.

Sizes Individuals must be found through the instruments used to measure and we must therefore give an operational definition :
description of the equipment to be used and the procedure for the measurement of the same .

time (seconds, s) should refer to periodic phenomena.
Initially 86 000-th part of a mean solar day, then the period during which take place 9 billion oscillations in a cesium clock .

Length (meters, m): ten-millionth of the distance between the North Pole and the Equator along the meridian passing through Paris, then the distance traveled by light in vacuum in a 300,000,000 th of a second (because the speed of light is constant).

mass (kilogram, kg) equal to the mass of the sample platinum-iridium kept at the Museum of Weights and Measures at Sevres.



Order of magnitude: the power of 10 that best approximates the number to be expressed.

Direct measurement : direct comparison with the size of a 'unit sample.
Indirect measurement: the value obtained using an analytical report between different sizes.

Calibration : an instrument is calibrated when there correspondence between his response and the value of the quantity to be measured.

Characteristics of:

1. Sensitivity: minimum change of considerable magnitude
2. flow or scale: maximum value of the measurement accuracy
3. : little or no difference in repeated measurement
4. Readiness: responsiveness to changes in the size

measurement error

1. error sensitivity depends on the sensitivity of the instrument used. You choose half of the values \u200b\u200bof sensitivity (eg 0.5 cm) and marks: L = (y + / - 0.5) cm
2. random error: multiple causes undetectable
3. Systematic errors (always downwards or upwards): data problems in the instrument and easy to find. A classic error is the systematic ' parallax error, which depends on the position taken by the observer against the instrument.

For a successful experiment, the measurements should be checked several times and then find a measure which approximates the reality better, eliminating as much as possible of the various errors.
The first method is the arithmetic mean between the various measurements, also calculating the maximum error as semidispersione .
Semidispersione : 1 / 2 (maximum extent - at least so far)
At this point, the size will be obtained the mean + / - the semidispersione.

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The Industrial Revolution (dictated notes)

The importance of technical discoveries (mid-eighteenth century., England):
process of replacing manual labor with machines, then the first in the cotton industry in the wool. In fact, through the invention of the spacecraft flying by Kay, a weaver, had doubled the amount of daily work (see page book. 243 to 244).

Revolution or evolution?
might seem, then, that these inventions of new machines had given rise to the industrial revolution, and this opinion was Karl Marx, who dedicated the fifteenth chapter of "Capital" the machines and large-scale industry " . He identifies also in the manufacturing base of modern industry, as the great inventions of Watt Ankwright and could not have applied if the period of manufacturing had not produced "a large number of skilled workers mechanics."
The term "industrial revolution" that uses Marx had already been used by John Stuart Mill in 1848 and 1844 by F. Engels in "The conditions of the working class in England" , and was then ushered into common use by Toynbee, who in 1884 published his "Lectures on the Industrial Revolution in England". Even for Toynbee the origins of the industrial revolution and the replacement of the factory system to the domestic system, were sought largely in the mechanical inventions of the second half of the 700, but he also emphasizes other factors, the significant increase of the population, or processing, through the process of enclosures (enclosures), the medieval open fields in modern and large farms.
These aspects turned his attention to the Mantoux, but with a tendency to reappraise the importance of the machine because, in his view, the invention of the machine was not done at once and since sixteenth century machines were used very ingenious and sometimes very powerful, on the other hand, from manufacturing to large-scale industry is passed through almost imperceptible changes, so you should replace the word machine with a more wide, which should indicate the technical development in all its forms. Also for the
Sombart in transition from home to the previous industry succesivi capitalist industry that there would be no gap when it is assumed that uses the word revolution. That if ever there was the late Middle Ages, after the fifteenth century, when they made significant progress in the technique of mining and metallurgy, when the rapid increase in demand imposed the manufacture of new products and therefore the introduction of new tools work, as in the textile industry, and when, finally, the great changes in market conditions began to artisan prevent the direct purchase of raw materials and put him in the employ of the wholesale merchant.

The take-off or off
An essential feature of these interpretations that insist more on the evolution of revolution is that they tend to overshadow the suffering and hardships that the transition from the old system of production to the next generated classes workers. Just read "The Industrial Revolution" dell'Ashton to see how long the whole process would take place without conflict with the peaceful agreement between the various social classes (sic).
The fact is that these really historical evolution could not understand all the pain that the sum of the industrial revolution had brought with him, and the first thing to do to regain a deep sense of drama was quaella to reaffirm the importance of the fracture made by the industrial revolution in the course of economic development between 700 and 800. This was done by
Rostow, who spoke of "take-off in the direction of a development that is obtained from self" (take-off into self-sustained growth): the takeoff is defined as the time when "in a decade or two, is the fundamental structure of the economy, both the social and political structure of society are transformed in such a way that can be fed regularly after a continuous pace of development "; or the take-off can be defined in two ways: the first covers the period in the life of an economy in which, at the same time, one or more modern industries beginning to determine not only productive but also new features that effects spread on a large scale, the second argues that, because you can have the take-off, an economy must demonstrate the ability to exploit the developments after so well by the emergence of new industries-driving. And 'this demonstration of the ability to move a group of sectors-rail to another, which distinguishes the non-industrial wave of transition from the real take-off.
This functional requirement has been established that the take-off comprises an area of \u200b\u200babout 20 years; such a period is needed to reveal whether a company is able to overcome the structural crisis that the initial gap of development usually brings with it, and that is also able to assimilate that changing technological flow from which sustained development depends. After these statements of the Rostow
supporters of the piecemeal development are now silent. However, Rostow himself was perhaps far from denying a piecemeal development of the economy, though in his book "The porcess of economic growth" (Oxford, 1953) states that in any process of industrialization, we can distinguish several stages: a first pre-industrial revolution characterized by commercial capitalism, of a second off-tak, a third of sustained development, and finally, a fourth of maturity. In fact, Rostow, also starting from the most recent experience of paesei underdeveloped in which it is felt deeply the need for rapid changes in the structure of agriculture and basic primitive, has taken the concept of revolution. This reassessment of the concept of revolution has again led scholars to search for reasons why they were at the base. So, here is list the various factors that Rostow, usually, can contribute to a period of "off": population, agriculture, technology, capital formation and foreign trade. Usually, we said, because what he says is largely the Rostow steeped in sociology, as he tends to apply the same to all guidizio crieteri of similar phenomena that occurred from 700 to present (at the expense of specificity of the different situations).

"Prometheus Unbound" Landes
According to ancient myth, Prometheus was the Titan who stole fire from the gods as a gift to the arts to people with carriers of civilization. The gesture of defiance cost him his divine punishment: chained to a cliff, would a vulture ate his liver for eternity. As the titanic undertaking of Prometheus was alluding to a decisive event in human history, in the same world Landes rivluzione Industrail attaches to the value of a fracture essential, after which nothing will be as before. Prometheus was freed, in other words, the enormous power inherent in capiacità man to manipulate nature has finally full deployment. Landes is committed to a complete reconstruction of the development that Europe saw the phasing out the agricultural economy and small-scale in favor of the indsutriale. The English industrial revolution is the beginning of an era of continuous and rapid transformation that changes and sometimes reverses the values \u200b\u200band the conduct of men in all aspects, economic, social, political, cultural and ideological. The world will never be the same: the states will soon be separated by a gulf in terms of power and welfare, including the developed ones and those who remain tied to an agricultural economy, the traditional social and political relations will be unstoppable shocked by the rise of the bourgeois class. Landes, in short, is among those who interpret the crucial years in between 700 and 800 as a period of radical discontinuity with the past.


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