The German Empire has no administrative unit, territorial and political, but it is a conglomeration of duchies, principalities, ecclesiastical and secular, liberal city.
Rudolf II of Habsburg moved the capital in Bohemia , and tries to convert the whole empire to the Catholic religion : the lack of political commitment, but is soon overthrown by his cousin, and retains only formally the crown and the power over Bohemia. The subjects
Bohemians take advantage, however, in order to extract the 1609 letter of majesty, which guarantees religious freedom to Lutherans.
the death of Rodolfo, the kingdom passes to Matt , leaving the letter of majesty to Bohemia in return for recognition as his successor to the reformist-c ontro Ferdinand of Habsburg, one of the leaders of the Catholic League.
the death of Matthew the capital is returned to Vienna , leaving Prague to a committee of regents, which form a governing majority government, Catholic and Protestant closes the temples. On May 23, 1618
a crowd enters the castle in Prague and precipitates from a window three regents ( the Defenestration of Prague) is the way to a revolution, expelled the Jesuits and the Protestant nobility create a provisional government.
During the summer, the diet, although the Protestant majority, elects to Frankfurt Ferdinand as the new emperor , but at the same time the Bohemian and the Commissioner no longer has the crown prince a Calvinist, Frederick V, Duke of Palatinate that in 1619 made his triumphal entry into Prague.
Allies of Hapsburg Spain, and Bavaria League of Catholic principles.
Allies Bohemia: Transilvania, Venice, Holland and England, but only Transylvania send some troops. In 1620
the Duke of Bavaria invades Bohemia , defeating the enemies in just one hour at the White Mountain . Prague is the looting of abandoned German troops, mind the English branch of the Habsburg besieging the Palatinate.
The crown of Bohemia is declared hereditary possession of the Habsburgs.
In 1622 was conquered Heidelberg, the capital of the Palatinate, and the war could have been done to say, if Ferdinand had not decided to seize Frederick V (king of winter), all land and to remove the title of the Palatinate Elector of Bavaria in favor.
In 1624 the king of Denmark, the Protestant Christian IV, is preparing to take action against the Habsburgs alliance with the German Protestant princes. Meanwhile, Spain reopen hostilities with the United Provinces.
The Danish troops are defeated several times and, after the battle of Lutter, Denmark was forced to sign the peace in Lübeck.
Building on this, Ferdinand II issues a decree providing for the return of all seized goods Catholics: European states were not slow to see the danger of a centralized monarchy in Germany.
In 1630
Swedish troops, led by King Gustav Adolf land on the coast of Pomerania , and obtained an alliance with Saxony, reported a net win imperial army at Leipzig . In 1632
Swedes reported a new victory at Lutzen, but the king remains killed in battle and becomes queen of the small Cristina. In 1635
Swedish troops were finally defeated at Nördlingen and forced to sign the peace in Prague.
In 1635 the French Prime Minister Richelieu declares war on both sides of the dynasty asbrugica (English and German) and offers its assistance to the German Protestant princes and the United Provinces.
In 1643 the French get a big victory against the English at Rocroi , while troops Swedish and French penetrate Bavaria and Bohemia. In
1648 in Westphalia are signed two peace treaties , the first between the Emperor and France , second among German princes, the Emperor and Sweden .
Peace of Westphalia states:
- the allocation of Pomerania Sweden and its entry in the diet
- the entry of dietary
Denmark - the conquest of several city Rhine and most of ' Alsace by France
- the loss of authority of the Emperor, more and more subject to the will of the individual
- the return of title to voter Palatinate, but it is not removed to Bavaria: the Imperial College passes so to eight members.
The war between France and Spain but not end until 1659.
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