medieval philosophy is divided into two schools:
Patristics (first century - V century): the reason is seen by faith.
School (fifth century - XIV century): the contents of reason should be explored in relation to faith.
The reason is what leads a person to wholeness.
Faith can be the positive response of man to God's call to recognize someone in authority is deemed worthy of trust, from Latin fides, or irrational and blind adherence. The latter would easily lead to fanaticism.
These two visions are in contact around the first century, and from this arise the Middle Ages.
AGOSTINO
Life: Patristic Latin America. Born in Algeria, he studied at Carthage. Leads a dissolute life in his youth, has a son. He studied rhetoric and approaches to philosophy. In Milan, Ambrose knows, which was baptized.
Topics: Philosophy is for: that the meaning of life?
man there is a drama: What does God want from him?
Skeptics: Critical to the skeptics at three points:
- I doubt if
exist - if there is no truth, this is a truth
- you can not want the truth and deny the possibility of pursuing knowledge
: L 'human spirit is a restless mind, ever changing, so you need something that explains this change: God is God in man, it illuminates the soul without change. God is what is most intimate human.
Knowledge comes by divine illumination: is continuous support that God gives to human reason. God is the inner teacher. Creating
: God is creator. Creates from nothing without God, the world would be nothing. Create: to give being.
God has within himself the ideas, the Platonic ideas are to Augustine thought of God There is no before and after, there is a continuous present. God creates free will.
Time: For Aristotle, time was the measure of movement according to a before and an after, and was measured by the soul. Augustine argues instead that time is not to be, has no ontology structure is a distension of the soul. Measure the time means measuring the impression of things in their path. Time exists only in the depths of our consciousness, which stretches into the past and the future and makes them present to herself. The dimensions of time are therefore three forms of this in our soul: the past is in the form of memory, this is such as attention and the future is present as expected.
relationship between faith and reason: Faith and reason are complementary, because both tend toward the same end, to God, I intelligam ut, ut credam intelligible.
Faith provides the horizon of truth, but asks why, he asked to be investigated. Faith and reason, therefore, not contradictory, as both tools of knowledge.
Evil: If God is the cause of the world, and is the supreme good, how does one explain evil? At first, Augustine was a Manichean, but with time is thought too deresponsabilizzante. Converted, says that if God created the world, creation can not be wrong. Therefore only has a good size ontological evil is not. Evil is the absence of being, then the absence of good. Evil can be defined only negatively. There are three types of evil:
- metaphysical every creature is finite, limited. There is a hierarchy of ontological reality. There is a good that is possessed by ontological as it is. So the metaphysical evil is not given by the fullness of being.
- physical, because we have an intrinsic limit, and we live in time we have a physical illness.
- morality comes from original sin. E 'sin, or turning away from God to turn his attention to the creatures making a creature God aversio a Deo, conversion to creaturam.
Predestination: God determine the fate of men, including who, through faith, saved, and who will be damned. This does not mean that God leads us to do evil, but simply that those without his kindness can not sin. Thus was born the doctrine of predestination (whether or not it was intended to receive the grace of God), but it can not be understood as an incentive to the hallway, because men can not know their ultimate fate.
The two cities: There a unified vision of history, from creation and arrive at a final event after death that gives meaning to all the above path. There are two cities: the earthly city and the heavenly city, or that of evil and the good. After the coming of Christ, the two cities were found to coexist in the same place. Both aspire to, but the heavenly city aspires to the eternal good, while the earthly tranquility. The role of governments is therefore with positive and negative, on the one hand they ensure stability and order of the wicked, the other does not promote the good forever. The two cities will join the end of time, when the good will with the good and evil with the wicked.
Peter Damian:
"Philosophy is the handmaid of theology" is not the secondary, as someone said, but absolutely necessary.
ANSELMO
relationship between faith and reason: Reason and faith are complementary because they point to the same end. Faith asks the intellect, chiedenodgli to explore the reasons for faith. So faith is not irrational. Between reason and faith, harmony is natural, because they are both gifts of God
Demonstration of God's existence a posteriori: The existence of God can be demonstrated from the experience, and there are four topics:
- we want the good things that to be those involving a perfectly good
- we participate in things of different sizes, which involve the highest degree
be great - the individual something to actually exist, and imply a being who hesitates
for himself - there are different degrees of perfection, then there must be a perfect being
a priori demonstration of the existence of God: we all have a conception of God within us, a priori, then atheists do not exist. The fact that I think God implies his existence. God is the one who can not think of anything bigger. The existence of God is inherent in its essence as a thought. From what I infer from what's inside out, but this only applies to God is an atheist necessarily contradict, because he who halved if God does not exist nothing greater exists only in my soul, God is halved.
Free will: In the action man is at liberty, but this does not contradict God's foreknowledge, which has always known everything, and even human freedom and the acts which flow from it.
SECOND PHASE OF THE SCHOOL
XIII culture, the culturally more intense throughout the Middle Ages. In Europe there's the works of Aristotle: it disturbs the balance between faith and reason. Aristotle in fact a world view based on reason, with no sign of the divine, from a consideration positive universe, which has an ontological reality. We must start from experience. The
Averroists support the doctrine of double truth: if reason and faith come to two opposite truths, both are true.
Bagnoregio Bonaventure (Franciscan)
Thomas Aquinas (Dominican)
THOMAS AQUINAS
relationship between faith and reason: Faith and reason are in harmony, faith is what illuminates the supernatural entities, the reason for investigating the nature, experience. What is not due to the reason why the above does not mean that is the opposite. The truth of faith beyond reason: they are not irrational, but can be reasonable. Between truth and reality of supernatural natural that there is an area of \u200b\u200bhalf a faith that reason can help to understand: the preambula fidei, supernatural truth that man can know through reason to help us welcome a more mature the truth supra-rational faith.
The existence of God and the immortality of the soul, for example, are given to faith, but also the reason may propose logic elements to show that they are reasonable. The reason the man prepares to accept more reasonably a matter of faith. To explain, the reason may use analogies, similes. In addition, this may argue against those who opposes the truth of faith, that has a dialectical role.
The existence of God is not provable a priori, through an ontological proof: the essence of God is thought thinking, does not mean its being claimed as Anselmo. The essence of God can not be understood by the intellect, which is limited knowledge can only start from experience.
Knowledge, intellect, spirit: Within us there are the Aristotelian first principles (equal to a, other than to not) inherent in the intellect. The human intellect is the faculty which naturally present the first principles, we do not draw from the experience. The commitment to knowledge is instead the discursive reason, the ratio, which allows you to talk, to infer, to pass from one term another. The knowledge on the experience, and this also applies to God
Created: It begins with the physical structure of the material world and metaphysics. Physical: time and becoming. Metaphysics: the universe, which is made of substances (says Aristotle) \u200b\u200bis created, and are totally dependent on God's creative act without the reality would be nothing. Creation is being given to things (creatio ex nihilo). The creation is a metaphysical concept, explains why the reality, not like, so there is absolutely contrary to evolution.
The reality has to be because he has received from God the creature and then the first part being that is God
The five routes: There are five ways to demonstrate the existence of God:
- movement: each movement assumed a cause, everything in the universe is moving, so you need a prime mover (Aristotle's unmoved mover)
- cause and effect: all is the result of something, you need a first cause
- change: things are changing quotas, but they are not, so do not have the reason for their being in themselves, but because of something necessary. The need is "what men call God"
- perfection created things have a more or less perfect, absolutely perfect is a reference
- harmony phenomena succeed one another in an order which also covers this that is devoid of intelligence: this means a higher intelligence aimed at an end.
Politics: Humans are social animals: reason leads man to open up to all reality. The state naturally arises, is spontaneous.
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