summarized soooooo ....
FRANCE BEFORE THE REVOLUTION
French society was divided into three classes (nobility, clergy, the Third Estate): rights and duties varied depending of belonging.
are part of the Third Estate: farmers, artisans, shopkeepers, low and high bourgeoisie.
France was divided into "countries of states, some of which supported a smaller tax burden (Brittany and Burgundy). Other conditions were favorable provided for some cities (Bordeaux, Toulouse) and the University of Paris.
The ecclesiastical order was exempt from taxes and removed from the civil jurisdiction, and could collect tithes from farmers. In addition, the church property was inalienable and the clergy controlled the entire school system.
The nobility was exempt from tax obligations, was entitled to exercise the powers of a public nature, had received small local taxes and duties of a judge of first instance. He also had the exclusive privilege of hunting. The nobility was divided into "nobility of the sword" and "minor nobility."
The peasants were still under the feudal regime, forced to make corvees. Even the farmers become landowners were forced to pay a fee to the lord of the place for any change of ownership. The bourgeoisie could buy freely, but was subject to a fee for each sale of property, the ladies could charge a law called "ex-feud."
STATES GENERAL
1788: the king and the government, because of the difficult financial situation, decide to make public the budget. The nobility
proclaims loudly the anti-absolutist, fomenting riots. In Grenoble it comes to reconstruct the states of the Dauphiné province. The revolution, however noble aims to return to the situation of 1614, the year in which they were held for the last time the General Assembly, and was not looking for any type of reform.
In August, Louis XVI convened the States-General, but the parliament of Paris and the assembly of aristocrats prove reluctant to change the political structure of the States General, which provided the same number of representatives for the three states. Popular support for the nobility and then begins to decrease, until the king and his finance minister, Necker, decide to allow the Third Estate has a number of members a bit 'higher than the other two combined.
voters merely elect primary assemblies, from which came the representatives of the States General. The task of the primary assemblies was also to draw up the cahiers de doleance. Among the most popular requests were for the abolition of tenth and the exclusive right of hunting privileges were also reported noble and tax exemptions.
May 1789: The States-General meet in Versailles. Members of the Third Estate, mostly lawyers, urged that the States-General became a reformer and a constituent body. They were also supported by some prominent men of the First and second state, which the Bishop Talleyrand and the Marquis de La Fayette. For their part, the nobility and the clergy believed that this was an opportunity to reestablish their political and dismantling absolute monarchy. Louis XVI wanted instead of the States-General to get together just to vote for a new loan to the French state. The third was rejected
then the vote "by order" and requested that the various states should come together to be able to express real majorities and minorities.
June 10, 1789: Members of the Third was convened their meeting and invite representatives of other states to join them. A few days later, the deputies of the Third Estate and the few members of the clergy who have joined them bear the name National Assembly. This realization of the strength possessed by the Third Estate, which appears suddenly, it was in fact already been announced by the men of letters, and in particular by Emmanuel Sieyes in his pamphlet "What is the Third Estate?".
June 20, 1789: Louis XVI closed the meeting room of the Third Estate, but MEPs also meet in the hall of ball games.
July 9, 1789: The National Assembly became the Constituent National Assembly and elect a committee to draw up a draft constitution.
few days later, Louis XVI dismisses Necker, who until then had mediated between the parties, be exposed to charges that he faked his support to the states, and deploys troops in front of Versailles.
SUMMER 1789
Popular discontent was already widespread because of the famine that struck France in 1788: the people expect, however, that the General Assembly could resolve this crisis.
With the dismissal of Necker and the deployment of troops before the court, by popular acclaim blazed.
Between 12 and 13 July the masses stormed the booths placed along the walls of Paris, in order to eliminate the duty which was massively increase the price of goods. The assemblies of the voters then decided to establish a bourgeois militia armed with the task of preventing acts of pure banditry and oppose the repression of Versailles.
July 14, 1789: a first attack is launched against the Hotel des Invalides, a building built as a rest home for veterans but later became a military barracks. The crowd then
army reaches the Bastille, where negotiations with the commander to obtain ammunition turn into a real battle, leading to the conquest of the prison by the bourgeois militia.
The king is thus presented to the Assembly and gave full approval.
The Marquis La Fayette, already a veteran of many wars, takes command of the bourgeois militia, called the People's Guard, and was chosen the national flag.
The next day, announced that Louis XVI Necker returned to the government and goes to Paris where he is greeted by a cheering crowd that decorates with the tricolor cockade.
disorders but were extended to the countryside, where farmers refused to pay tithes and gave the assault the castles of the local lords: The Assembly then decided to abolish the old feudal rights, starting with the hunt. It was, on balance, the actual destruction ancien regime.
August 26, 1789: Assembly adopts the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, and stands out as the sole causes of public misfortunes and the corruption of governments "ignorance, forgetfulness or contempt of human rights" . You then claim the distinction of powers, already theorized by Montesquieu, the natural rights of the individual, equality before the law.
It 'important to note that the Declaration has been placed outside of the Constitution: the Assembly was not in fact granting those rights, but recognized and declared their existence.
October 5, 1789: a large crowd, composed largely of women reached Versailles to protest against rising prices and obtains the transfer of the king of the court and the Assembly in Paris.
E 'in this period becomes critical public opinion, expressed through political clubs and intellectuals and the media policy.
MODERNISATION OF FRANCE
Between 1789 and 1791 the Assembly sought to give a new constitutional settlement in France. While the first start to see political differences between members (aristocrats and patriots), France was declared a hereditary kingdom, and the king was appointed king of the French and not the king of France. Moreover, the monarch could oppose the laws already approved by the chamber waste only temporary, overcome by two more votes. France was then divided in 83 departments with elected bodies.
Electoral system: universal suffrage to the exclusion of minors, women and "passive citizens". These were in fact with civil rights but not political ones: in this class were part of the domestic wage (you thought they could not have an opinion different from that of their masters), vagrants, beggars, and who could not pay a direct tax of three days' wages, then the poorest workers.
The vote provided for two degrees were initially rated assemblies, which then occupied in turn elect the deputies. The conditions for the census is to be an elector of the second degree were obviously more high, as it was even higher for the census to be eligible to be deputies (one mark of silver). "Decree of the mark" but met with open hostility of the Democrats, as Roberspierre and Marat, who believed in sharp contrast with the Declaration of Rights. The Assembly decided that any voter could then become a member, but placed conditions of wealth to become more restrictive voter appeal.
Economy: The House excluded the possibility of bankruptcy and confiscated all church property, which were placed "at the disposal of the Nation." They were also issued public debt securities, checks that were supposed to return to the state of ecclesiastical property as payment made available to private individuals, and should not be legal tender. Before long, however, the assigned turned into a real paper money.
Religion: the clergy would receive a state salary, and parish priests and bishops would be elected directly by citizens. After the condemnation of Pope Pius VI, the Assembly asked the clergy to swear allegiance to the nation, the king and the Constitution. This created a schism among priests "sworn" priests and "refractory".
the end of monarchy in June 1791, the king secretly part, but is recognized at Varennes and brought back to Paris. The Assembly suspended Louis XVI from his duties, while asserting his innocence. A large crowd took to the field Mars to ask for the republic, was put to flight by the National Guard of La Fayette, and many protesters were killed.
few months later, the king swore allegiance to the Constitution.
The Assembly ordered the Rhenish princes to expel immigrants, who were pressing for the deposition of the House and tried to return home, but Francis II of Austria refused.
1792: the Assembly, convinced by the fervid oratory of the Girondins, obliges the king to declare war on Austria.
The bad beginning of the war in Paris, however, due to a series of popular uprisings. Workers and craftsmen, united under the name of sans-culottes, they burst into the Assembly, asking for and obtaining the suspension of powers King, who is jailed, and elections for a Constituent Assembly that will take the name of the Convention.
The election took place in a climate of tension, although it was abolished the wealth threshold for voters in the meantime, a revolutionary court that the arrest of hundreds of citizens accused of treason.
September 20, 1792, the Convention proclaimed the republic and the French army on the Austrian wins.
THE REPUBLIC Jacobins
The Convention defines the distance between Girondins and Jacobins (or Montagnards): a first fracture occurs on the process to the king.
January 21, 1793: Louis XVI was brought to the guillotine, with the contrary opinion of the Girondins. A few days
later, the Convention declared war on Britain and anticipation, and Holland. Against the French Republic will form a coalition between Austria, Prussia and England. The Convention responds by calling the entire nation to arms on behalf of the national cause.
Meanwhile, France is experiencing a period of economic crisis, due to inflation of paper money, whose only solution seems to be government control over prices, which lined up against the Girondins. Based on the popular discontent, the clergy organized a revolt among the peasants of the Vendee, which will remain in a state of agitation for all subsequent years.
June 2, 1793: The "angry", the new leaders of the sans-culottes, rise up, and force the Convention to arrest members twenty-two Girondins.
After drafting the new constitution, power is unofficially taken over by the Committee of Public Safety, which is also elected Roberspierre.
The Committee decreed the abolition of feudal rights and establishes the maximum price, and establishes a reign of terror. It also creates one completely new mass army, who wins in Belgium.
THE CONVENTION TO THE DIRECTORY
With the end of the emergency military re-open the domestic crises: the maximum is not enough to satisfy the urban masses, who turn against Roberspierre, on 9 Thermidor was overthrown by a coup and guillotined next day.
The group that takes power, the Thermidorians, free political prisoners, liberalized the market reopened the churches. Girondins
I return to the meeting, and the Jacobean seats are devastated and closed, and the mass popular rise against the abolition of the maximum is dispersed by the National Guard, and becomes in fact a new Counter-Terror, during which the Jacobins are executed without trial.
1795: A plebiscite is passed through the so-called III of the Constitution, which restores the election with two degrees and introducing a bicameral system. The Council of Five Hundred draw up laws, and up to the Council of Elders to approve or reject them. Executive power is attributed to a body composed of five members named Directorate, who was elected by the Elders on the proposal of the sixteenth century.
It also signed the peace with Prussia and with Spain.
The emigrants, left back, in guerrilla movements are organized, called the Chouans, but are dispersed by a young Corsican general, Napoleon Bonaparte. Meanwhile
revolutionary new trends arise, among which is worthwhile to note that of Babeuf, which seeks economic and political equality of every citizen, as if to advocate communism. At the open struggle also Babeuf replaces the conspiracy. The conspirators, organized in the conspiracy of equals, however, are arrested and sentenced to death by the Directory before they can implement their theories.
WAR!
1795: Belgium was annexed to France, resumed military operations against Austria ..
1796: an Austrian victory is prevented by the operations in Italy by Napoleon, who became master of northern and implement an offensive against Austria from the bottom. A Campoformio is then entered into a peace that puts an end to hostilities at the moment, and Venice was ceded to Austria. In Milan is set up a provisional government, Bologna, Ferrara, Modena and Reggio are captured and form the Confederation Cispadana. The following year it merged with the Cisalpine Republic in Lombardy, where Napoleon give authority for the Constitution. Genoa becomes a satellite republic of France.
1798: in the wake of clashes between Republicans and police in Rome, Lazio and Napoleon is proclaimed the end of the temporal power of the pope. Ferdinand IV of Naples seeks to intervene on behalf of the pope, but is rejected by General Champonniet that enters Naples a few days later and founded the Neapolitan Republic, which stand out in the shape of Vincenzo Cuoco.
CRISIS OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE YEAR III
1797: the election victory to give the monarchy, but Barras reverse the election results through a coup, the royalist leaders are arrested.
Talleyrand proposed to the directory to hit England through Egypt: Napoleon, chosen for the control of the company, deals with Cairo, but Admiral Nelson destroyed the entire French navy, and Napoleon is master and prisoner in Egypt.
Meanwhile Russia, allied with Britain, penetrated Italy and restored the old governments. The Neapolitan Republic fell, and all the Republican leaders were killed or imprisoned.
1799: the Jacobins show a clear election victory, but the bourgeoisie, led by Sieyes, carrying out a coup.
The 18 Brumaire of 1799 the Directory of fact ceased to exist. Napoleon was then submitted to request that the Constitution was abolished, but was welcomed as a traitor. His brother Lucien Bonaparte then made sure that the military would help him and gave the order Murat to clear the Assembly by force. The Republic III ended the year with an escape from the banks of the Members of the classrooms.
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